What are the two most likely complications of parenteral nutrition?

In the context of parenteral nutrition, the two most likely complications are infection and glycemic control.

Infection is a significant concern due to the need for venous access, typically through a central venous catheter. This mode of delivery bypasses the body's natural barriers to infection, making patients susceptible to both local and systemic infections. Catheter-related bloodstream infections can pose serious risks, leading to complications that may extend hospitalization and increase morbidity.

Glycemic control is also a critical issue as parenteral nutrition often contains high levels of carbohydrates. Rapid infusion or improper adjustment can lead to hyperglycemia, which is particularly dangerous for individuals with pre-existing diabetes or those who are critically ill. Monitoring and managing blood glucose levels becomes essential to prevent complications related to glycemic fluctuations.

While electrolyte imbalances and dehydration can occur with parenteral nutrition, they are often more manageable through careful monitoring and adjustment of the nutrient solutions. Respiratory distress and renal failure are less directly associated with the administration of parenteral nutrition compared to the higher incidence of infection and issues with glycemic control. Hyperlipidemia and hypertension are potential long-term effects but are not immediate complications linked to parenteral administration.